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  Restrictive Covenants

A covenant is an agreement, contract, or promise.  A restrictive covenant is a covenant which acts as a restriction or prohibition of certain uses of real estate.  For example, restrictive covenants for a residential subdivision may restrict use of the real estate in the subdivision to residential purposes only.  Some restrictive covenants may define the maximum and minimum square footage of homes to be built and define further limitations regarding construction of other buildings upon the residence.  CAUTION:  Restrictive covenants prohibiting sales of real estate to minorities have been declared unconstitutional and unenforceable.

Restrictive covenants must be in writing and must be signed to be enforceable.  To be effective against subsequent purchasers, restrictive covenants must be recorded.  Typically, restrictive covenants run with the land, meaning that they will continue to apply to the real estate even after the original owner of the real estate at the time of execution of the restrictive covenant transfers it to another person.  Most states do have limitations as to the length of the time the restrictive covenants may run.  These limitations may be found in statutes, sometimes referred to as �stale use acts.�  To be enforceable, restrictive covenants must be clear and unambiguous.  Courts will often refuse to enforce restrictive covenants that are unclear or ambiguous. Please see specific state for details and/or differences.

Black�s Law Dictionary, Fifth Edition.

ALABAMA | ALASKA | ARIZONA | ARKANSAS | CALIFORNIA | COLORADO | CONNECTICUT | DELAWARE | FLORIDA 
 GEORGIA | HAWAII | IDAHO | ILLINOIS | INDIANA | IOWA | KANSAS | KENTUCKY | LOUISIANA | MAINE | MARYLAND 
 MASSACHUSETTS | MICHIGAN | MINNESOTA | MISSISSIPPI | MISSOURI | MONTANA | NEBRASKA | NEVADA 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE | NEW JERSEY | NEW MEXICO | NEW YORK | NORTH CAROLINA | NORTH DAKOTA | OHIO 
 OKLAHOMA | OREGON | PENNSYLVANIA | RHODE ISLAND | SOUTH CAROLINA | SOUTH DAKOTA | TENNESSEE 
 TEXAS | UTAH | VERMONT | VIRGINIA | WASHINGTON | WEST VIRGINIA | WISCONSIN | WYOMING

ALABAMA
Alabama Code 8-9-2.

ALASKA
Alaska Code 09.25.020;  34.15.260.

ARIZONA
Arizona Code 11-461;  33-412;  44-101.

ARKANSAS
Arkansas Code 4-59-101-03;  14-15-403-04;  26-60-107;  21-6-306.

CALIFORNIA
California CC 1091.

COLORADO
Colorado Code 38-10-108.

CONNECTICUT
Connecticut Code 52-550.

DELAWARE
Delaware Code 25-101 through 153.

FLORIDA
Florida Code 725.01.

GEORGIA
Georgia Code 44-5-30 onward;  44-2-1 through 3.

HAWAII
Hawaii Code 656-1.

IDAHO
Idaho Code 9-503, 504.

ILLINOIS
Illinois Code 740-80/1, 2;  765-5/28 through 30.

INDIANA
Indiana Code 32-2-2-1; 32-1-2-18.

IOWA
Iowa Code 622.32-.35;  558.41.

KANSAS
Kansas Code 33-105, 106; 58-2221, 2222, 2223.

KENTUCKY
Kentucky Code 371.010; 382.110, .140, .335.

LOUISIANA
Louisiana CC 2275;  T.9, 5353.

MAINE
Maine T.33, 51-53, 201-203, 751;  T.11, 9-401.

MARYLAND
Maryland Real Prop. Art. 3-101 through 104, 601;  5-104.

MASSACHUSETTS
Massachusetts C. 259, 1;  C. 183.

MICHIGAN
In Michigan, restrictive covenants must be witnessed by at least two (2) individuals.  Michigan CLA 566.106, .110, .132;  565.1 onward.

MINNESOTA
Minnesota Chapter 507; 513.04, .06.

MISSISSIPPI
Mississippi Code 15-3-1;  89-3-1 onward.

MISSOURI
Missouri Code 432.010;  442.390-.400;  442.403.

MONTANA
Montana Code 28-2-903; 70-21-201 onward.

NEBRASKA
Nebraska Code 36-103; 76-238.

NEVADA
Nevada Code 111.015, .205-.210, .315-.325.

NEW HAMPSHIRE
New Hampshire C. 506, 1-2; 477, 3a-7.

NEW JERSEY
New Jersey Code 25-1-2; 46-15-1.1 onward.

NEW MEXICO
New Mexico Code 14-9-3; 55-9-403(7); Common Law.

NEW YORK
New York G.O.L. 5-703; R.P.L. 290, 291.

NORTH CAROLINA
North Carolina Code 22-2; 47-18, 20.

NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota Code 9-06-04; 47-10-01.

OHIO
Ohio Code 1335.05; 317.08, .111; 5301.25; 5313.02.

OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma Code 15-136; 16-16, 26.

OREGON
Oregon Code 93.010, .410, .480, .640.

PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania Code 33-1; 21-357.

RHODE ISLAND
Rhode Island Code �9-1-4; 34-11-1.

SOUTH CAROLINA
In South Carolina, restrictive covenants must be signed by the grantor and at least two (2) witnesses to be enforceable.  South Carolina Code �27-23-60; 27-7-10 through 30; 30-7-10.

SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota Code �53-8-2; 43-28-17.

TENNESSEE
Tennessee Code �29-2-101; 66-26-102.

TEXAS
Texas Prop. Code 5.021, 13.001; Bus. & Comm. Code 26.01.

UTAH
Utah Code 25-5-1; 57-3-2.

VERMONT
Vermont Code 12-181; 27-341.

VIRGINIA
Virginia Code 11-2; 55-96, 572.

WASHINGTON
Washington Code 64.04.010-.020; 65.08.060-070.

WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia Code 36-1-3; 40-1-8 onward; 55-1-1.

WISCONSIN
Wisconsin Code 706.01-.02, 04, .08.

WYOMING
Wyoming Code 1-23-105; 34-1-104, 120.

This is not a substitute for legal advice.  An attorney must be consulted.
Copyright � 2003 by LAWCHEK, LTD.

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